Exchange Traded Funds, better known by many investors as iShares, the
brand owned by Barclays Global Investors ('BGI') have been around in
the UK since April 2000, with the launch of the iFTSE100 on the London
Stock Exchange. From a slow start, by the end of 2005 (the latest
figures available), some 125 billion was held in assets under
management. Generally, when you look for your share price information,
you'll find them grouped in the extra MARK section, where you'll now
find some 45 different ETFs on offer. Although they have been around
for sometime, let's just remind ourselves how ETFs work. They are
listed on the stock exchange, providing the flexibility and trade
ability of a share, including the fact that the price is continuously
quoted, but that one share can provide instant exposure to an entire
Index, giving you the diversification benefits of a fund. ETFs are also
a flexible way of achieving cost-effective market exposure. Because the
funds are registered in Ireland, there is no stamp duty to be paid on
purchases. Management costs are taken from dividends that are accrued
by the fund, and any excess income is then distributed to shareholders:
unlike unit trusts, there are no initial fees to pay on the original
purchase. The price of the fund is always close to the 'Net Asset
Value' (NAV) of the underlying investments and will usually have tight
spreads, unlike some unit trusts and some investment trusts. Also ETFs
will disclose their holdings everyday, whereas traditional funds
usually disclose their holdings twice a year.
What can I invest in?
ETFs offer a wide range of opportunities for investment with
varying levels of risk: as at mid-December there were 45 different
markets/indices to invest in, ranging from corporate bonds to the
Taiwanese market. Starting at the lower end of the risk spectrum there
are several corporate bond ETFs, as well as some Gilt-based
investments. Moving on to the medium risk level, you can choose from
global funds to ones that are more specific to individual regions, such
as the US or Asia. There's also the option of investing in individual
indices: 'index trackers' are available for the UK's FTSE100 and 250
Indexes, the US S&P 500, or Europe's Euro first 100 & 80,
spanning the top European companies. For those wanting a higher level
of risk, there are also ETFs which will give you exposure to emerging
markets, such as Turkey, Korea, Taiwan and Eastern Europe. ETFs don't
offer the same wide variety as unit trusts, but for investing in the
countries and sectors they do cover, their charging structure and trade
ability make up for this. As such, they provide a good, low cost,
easily-traded route into the market, with the flexibility to move up
the risk ladder as your experience and capital grows.
Finally, if you've an appetite for an even spicier approach, the
London Stock Exchange also enables you to invest in commodities,
through ETCs (Exchange Traded Commodities). Although like ETFs they are
traded in the same way as shares, and are eligible to be held in a PEP
or ISA, they do work in a completely different way. Whereas ETFs
actually buy the underlying investments, ETC managers don't buy and
store tons of wheat and copper, stack-up barrels of oil, or herd
livestock into pens. Rather, they buy options on these commodities. As
a result, ETCs are classed as more 'complex' investments by the FSA and
you'll need to complete a special 'risk notice' confirming you
understand the additional risks of investing in them. So take a fresh
look at ETFs - you might just find they offer you more than you
thought!
Funds: take your pick of the best
Unit Trusts and Open Ended Investment Companies (OEICs) are
investments that let you pool your money with lots of other 'retail'
investors. This money is invested on your behalf by a wide range of
specialist fund managers, investing in, for example, Government gilts
and bonds, commercial property and equities. Investing in funds gives
you access to a highly-diversified range of investments at a reasonable
cost. You will also have easy access to asset classes and international
markets that would otherwise be difficult and expensive to invest in
and benefit from the Fund Manager's contacts, knowledge, experience and
expertise. Funds come in many shapes and sizes from 'trackers' to
specialist or 'themed' funds.
An index-tracking fund (often referred to as a 'passively managed
fund') aims to match or 'track' the performance of a given market
index, such as the FTSE All Share or the FTSE 100. They do this using
computer programs to work out how much of each individual company they
need to buy and sell to mimic the performance of the Index as a whole.
But not all 'tracker funds' match the Index they are tracking that well
- so be sure to check their record. An 'actively managed fund' on the
other hand employs researchers to study and engage with companies in
which they plan to invest, and to keep abreast of the prospects for
companies in which they already invest. They'll compare their
performance to a 'benchmark' index related to the investment objectives
of their fund, with the expectation that the extra work they put into
tracking down the 'best' investments will literally pay dividends
through higher growth than that of their benchmark.
Choosing your funds
When you pick your funds, be sure to rate them against other funds
that fish in the same waters. Don't expect a 'value' fund and a
'growth' fund to have similar track records. Only by comparing funds
with their true peers will you make a good choice. Whilst past
performance should not be seen as an indication of future performance,
past performance does matter when comparing like with like. Chasing
winners however, is as dangerous as day-trading. Not surprisingly, all
five of the top-performing funds at the end of 1999 were technology
sector funds. Sector funds have a place in many a portfolio, but for
the majority of investors they belong at its edges, not at its heart.
An individual fund will give you a wider spread of underlying
investments: by investing across a number of funds you're better able
to smooth out the ups and downs of the market overall. But that won't
work if it turns out that your funds hold virtually the same
investments. So have a look at each fund report to see their top
holdings and make sure you've got a good spread overall.
Individual Company shares
When it comes to the individual shares part of the investment
model, the lowest risk entry point has always been recognised as
companies in the FTSE 100. However, you should always bear in mind that
the Index evolves over a period of time, changing its overall make-up.
Consider, for example, that over the last 6 years technology shares
have fallen out of the Index, while mining companies, on the back of
booming commodity prices, have dramatically increased their presence.
Yet, because of the volatility and cyclical nature of the sector,
individual mining groups can't be classed as low risk. Other 'big
names' have gone from the Index due to take-over activity - companies
like P&O, Abbey National & BAA - all of which have to be
replaced.
Today, some 80% of the make-up of the overall value of the FTSE100
comes from just 5 sectors - Banking, Mining, Oil & Gas,
Pharmaceuticals, and Telecoms (fixed and mobile). So, if you're looking
to the Footsie to form the bedrock of your investment in individual
shares, where should you start? Companies involved in essential,
everyday products and services, such as the water and electricity
utilities and broad-based retailers often provide a solid backbone to
any share portfolio. You could argue, however, that the classic
'defensive' nature of utilities has recently been undermined by the
number of take-overs within the sector. The share prices of the
remaining companies have climbed to all-time highs, potentially
increasing the level of risk.
There is without doubt an appetite for the assured cash flow that
utilities provide, and it's fair to say that a growing number of
analysts agree it's hard to justify the current prices. Despite this,
get your timing right, buying at the right price, and these sectors
should still provide a strong base on which to build your individual
holdings. To extend your scope, whilst still staying within a lower
risk profile, your next ports of call should be into the banks,
pharmaceuticals, tobacco and beverages sectors.
Move on up to the intermediate, 'medium risk' level, and you've an
increasing choice, including the remaining FTSE100 companies, dominated
by the mining sector. The majority of shares in the FTSE250 would also
fit into this 'medium risk' category. Still relatively large companies,
it is these shares that have seen some of the biggest gains over the
last 3 years, helping push the 250 Index to record levels in 2006. One
noticeable difference between the FTSE250 compared to the FTSE100, is
that companies here generally have less international exposure. When it
comes to the consideration of risk, you can play this one of two ways:
some argue that having the majority of profits coming from the UK
provides for less risk, while others (including us) favour having
fingers in as many regions as possible.
Finally, at the higher end of the risk scale you find smaller
companies and AIM quoted shares. These tend to be more volatile and
less liquid than their larger cousins, factors that generally lead to
wider bid/offer spreads. The AIM market has seen considerable growth
over the last 10 years, partly because companies don't have to comply
with the same stringent requirements of the main market.
Often, private investors don't get a look-in as part of the
flotation, having to wait until the shares start trading, so do pick
your time and use stop-loss limits - that early flush of success isn't
always carried through. One of the fastest growing sub-sectors within
AIM is small mining and exploration groups, many of which are based
abroad but have chosen to list in the UK. Because their prospects
include a significant amount of 'hope' value, such companies will
represent the very highest level of risk. Equally classified as
higher-risk, though as a result of different factors, are shares in
overseas companies.
Household names like Volvo, Coca Cola and Johnson & Johnson are
big names and big companies. The additional risk they bring for
investors comes from the fact that the majority of their earnings are
from overseas. So you face the added risk of changes in exchange rates.
Over recent months, for example, the fall in the US$ would have had a
big impact on the sterling value of dividends from US shares And when
the companies you invest in are smaller ones, it's often harder to find
reliable research and analysis, harder to track and compare
performance, and harder to follow the news that affects the share
price. True, most big UK names also trade globally, but as 'home
market' companies they are well-researched, much commented upon and
regularly feature in the UK business finance pages. That's not to say
you shouldn't venture outside these shores - far from it - but you need
to do so with your eyes open. That's why we see overseas shares as
being more appropriate for investors asthey move up the experience
ladder and once they've built a balanced portfolio. And it's also why,
in general, we'd advise investing in market trackers and funds before
moving into individual overseas shares.
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